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Budgerigars are the only species in the Australian genus Melopsittacus and are found wild throughout the drier parts of Australia where the species has survived harsh inland conditions for the last five million years. Budgerigars are naturally green and yellow with black, scalloped markings on the nape, back and wings, but have been bred in captivity with colouring in blues, whites, yellows, greys and even with small crests. Life Aquatic Ost. Budgerigars are popular pets around the world due to their small size, low cost and ability to mimic human speech. The origin of the budgerigars name is unclear. The species was first recorded in 1. The budgerigar is closely related to the lories and the fig parrots. They are one of the parakeet species, a non taxonomical term that refers to any of a number of small parrots with long, flat and tapered tails. In both captivity and the wild, budgerigars breed opportunistically and in pairs. Bird Hunter Wild Wings Edition Free Download Full Version' title='Bird Hunter Wild Wings Edition Free Download Full Version' />Etymologyedit. Budgerigar at Fort Worth Zoo in Texas. The blue cere at the top of the beak shows that this is a male. Several possible origins for the name budgerigar have been proposed A mispronunciation or alteration of Gamilaraaygidjirrigaaiiria,89 possibly influenced by the Australian slang word budgery, meaning good. Similarly, from gijirragaa from the Yuwaalaraay. The nomadic nature of Australias aboriginals would lend itself to forming common linguistic references, and since none had any written language, differences in pronunciation and the presentation thereof are subjective within the constructs of Western hearing. A compound of budgery, good and gar cockatoo. The word budgery, also spelt boojery, was formerly in use in Australian English slang meaning good. Bird Hunter Wild Wings Edition Free Download Full Version' title='Bird Hunter Wild Wings Edition Free Download Full Version' />Alternate spellings include budgerygah and betcherrygah. John Gould see below noted the term betcherrygah was used by indigenous people of the Liverpool Plains in New South Wales. While many references mention good as part of the meaning, and a few specify good bird, it is quite possible that reports by those local to the region are more accurate in specifying the direct translation as good food. There are apocryphal reports that this could also translate as tasty treat, implying they were eaten by the aboriginals. However, it is more likely the name derived from their migratory nature. With seasonal changes that left parts of the Liverpool Plains barren, they would move to areas with residual water, that still produced the seeds they sought. By following the birds, the aboriginals could locate water and also other game and food plants. Thus, the birds could lead them to good food. Other nameseditThe budgerigar was first described by George Shaw in 1. John Gould in 1. 84. The genus name Melopsittacus comes from Greek and means melodious parrot. The species name undulatus is Latin for undulated or wave patterned. Alternative common names for the budgerigar include the shell parrot, the warbling grass parakeet, the canary parrot, the zebra parrot, the flight bird, the scallop parrot. Although more applicable to members of the genus Agapornis, the name lovebird has been applied to them from their habit of mutual preening. Evolutionary historyeditThe budgerigar has been thought to be the link between the genera Neophema and Pezoporus based on the barred plumage. However, recent phylogenetic studies using DNA sequences place the budgerigar very close to the lories tribe. Loriini and the fig parrots tribe Cyclopsittini. Anatomy and physiologyedit. Anatomy of a male budgerigar. Wild budgerigars average 1. The forehead and face is yellow in adults but with blackish stripes down to the cere nose in young individuals until they change into their adult plumage around three to four months of age. They display small, iridescent blue violet cheek patches and a series of three black spots across each side of their throats called throat patches. The two outermost throat spots are situated at the base of each cheek patch. The tail is cobalt dark blue and outside tail feathers display central yellow flashes. Their wings have greenish black flight feathers and black coverts with yellow fringes along with central yellow flashes, which only become visible in flight or when the wings are outstretched. Bills are olive grey and legs blueish grey, with zygodactyl toes. Budgerigars in their natural habitat in Australia are noticeably smaller than those in captivity. This particular parrot species has been bred in many other colours and shades in captivity e. Like most parrot species, budgerigar plumage fluoresces under ultraviolet light. This phenomenon is possibly related to courtship and mate selection. The upper half of their beaks is much taller than the bottom half and covers the bottom when closed. The beak does not protrude much, due to the thick, fluffy feathers surrounding it, giving the appearance of a downward pointing beak that lies flat against the face. The upper half acts as a long, smooth cover, while the bottom half is just about a half sized cup piece. These beaks allow the birds to eat plants, fruits, and vegetables. The colour of the cere the area containing the nostrils differs between the sexes, being royal blue in males, pale brown to white nonbreeding or brown breeding in females, and pink in immatures of both sexes usually of a more even purplish pink colour in young males. Some female budgerigars develop brown cere only during breeding time, which later returns to the normal colour. Young females can often be identified by a subtle, chalky whiteness that starts around the nostrils. Males that are either Albino, Lutino, Dark eyed Clear or Recessive Pied Danishpied or harlequin always retain the immature purplish pink cere colour their entire lives. It is usually easy to tell the sex of a budgerigar over six months old, mainly by the cere colours, but behaviours and head shape also help indicate sex. A mature males cere is usually light to dark blue, but can be purplish to pink in some particular colour mutations, such as Dark eyed Clears, Danish Pieds Recessive Pieds and Inos, which usually display much rounder heads. Males are typically cheerful, extroverted, highly flirtatious, peacefully social, and very vocal. Females ceres are pinkish as immatures. As they age, they move from being beigish or whitish outside breeding condition into brown often with a crusty texture in breeding condition and usually display flattened backs of heads right above the nape. Females are typically highly dominant and more socially intolerant. This behavior is more pronounced around other females than with males. Like many birds, budgerigars have tetrachromaticcolour vision, but all four classes of cone cells operating simultaneously requires the full spectrum provided by sunlight. The ultraviolet spectrum brightens their feathers to attract mates. The throat spots in budgerigars reflect UV and can be used to distinguish individual birds. Ecologyedit. Distribution map of Budgerigar in Australia Distribution area Frequent occurrence Occasional occurrence.